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mic2174 300khz, synchronous buck controller featuring adaptive on-time control hyper speed control is a trademark of micrel. inc. mlf and micro leadframe are registered trademarks of amkor technology, inc. micrel inc. ? 2180 fortune drive ? san jose, ca 95131 ? usa ? tel +1 ( 408 ) 944-0800 ? fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 ? http://www.micrel.com september 2009 m9999-090409-b general description the micrel mic2174 is a fixed frequency, synchronous buck controller featuring adaptive on-time control. the mic2174 operates over an input supply range of 3v to 40v, switches at a constant frequency of 300khz and is capable of driving 25a of output current. the output voltage is adjustable down to 0.8v. a unique hyper speed control? architecture allows for ultra fast transient response while reducing the output capacitance and also makes high v in /low v out operation possible. the mic2174 utilizes a adaptive t on ripple controlled architecture. a uvlo is provided to ensure proper operation under power-sag conditions to prevent the external power mosfet from overheating. a soft start is provided to reduce inrush current. foldback current limit and ?hiccup? mode short-circuit protection ensure fet and load protection. the mic2174 is available in a 10-pin msop (max1954a- compatible) package with a junction operating range from ?40 c to +125 c. all support documentation can be found on micrel?s web site at: www.micrel.com. features ? hyper speed control? architecture enables ? high delta v operation (v in =40v and v out =0.8v) ? smaller output capacitors than competitors ? 3v to 40v input voltage ? stable with zero-esr output capacitor ? 300khz switching frequency ? output down to 0.8v with 1% fb accuracy ? up to 94% efficiency ? foldback current limit and ?hiccup? mode short-circuit protection ? 6ms internal soft start ? thermal shutdown ? pre-bias output safe ? ?40 c to +125 c junction temperature range ? available in 10-pin msop package applications ? wide input power supply ? industrial equipments ? distributed dc power systems ? automotive applications ? pcs and servers ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ typical application mic2174: synchronous buck controller featuring adaptive on-time control 12v to 3.3v efficiency 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 0246810 output current (a) efficiency (%) vin=5v
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 2 m9999-090409-b ordering information part number voltage switching frequency junction temp. range package lead finish MIC2174-1YMM adj. 300khz ?40 to +125c 10-pin msop pb-free pin configuration 10-pin msop (mm) pin description pin number pin name pin function 1 hsd high-side n-mosfet drain connection (input): power to the drain of the external high-side n-channel mosfet. the hsd operating voltage range is from 3v to 40v. input capacitors between hsd and the power ground (pgnd) are required. 2 en enable (input): a logic level control of the output. the en pin is cmos-compatible. logic high or floating = enable, logic low = shutdown. in the off state, supply current of the device is greatly reduced (typically 0.8ma). 3 fb feedback (input): input to the transconductance amplifier of the control loop. the fb pin is regulated to 0.8v. a resistor divider connecting the feedback to the output is used to adjust the desired output voltage. 4 gnd signal ground. gnd is the ground path for the device input voltage v in and the control circuitry. the loop for the signal ground should be separate from the power ground (pgnd) loop. 5 in input voltage (input): power to the internal reference and control sections of the mic2174. the in operating voltage range is from 3v to 5.5v. a 1f and 0.1f ceramic capacitors from in to gnd are recommended for clean operation. 6 dl low-side drive (output): high-current driver output for external low-side mosfet. the dl driving voltage swings from ground to in. 7 pgnd power ground. pgnd is the ground path for the mic2174 buck converter power stage. the pgnd pin connects to the sources of low-side n-channel mosfets, the negative terminals of input capacitors, and the negative terminals of output capacitors. the loop for the power ground should be as small as possible and separate from the signal ground (gnd) loop. 8 dh high-side drive (output): high-current driver output for external high-side mosfet. the dh driving voltage is floating on the switch node voltage (lx). it swings from ground to v in minus the diode drop. adding a small resistor between dh pin and the gate of the high-side n-channel mosfets can slow down the turn-on and turn-off time of the mosfets. 9 lx switch node and current sense input: high current output driver return. the lx pin connects directly to the switch node. due to the high speed switching on this pin, the lx pin should be routed away from sensitive nodes. lx pin also senses the current by monitoring the voltage across the low-side mosfet during off time. in order to sense the current accurately, connect the low-side mosfet drain to lx using a kelvin connection. 10 bst boost (output): bootstrapped voltage to the high -side n-channel mosfet driver. a schottky diode is connected between the in pin and the bst pin. a boost capacitor of 0.1 f is connected between the bst pin and the lx pin. adding a small resistor in series with the boost capacitor can slow down the turn-on time of high-side n-channel mosfets.
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 3 m9999-090409-b absolute maximum ratings (1) in, fb, en to gnd ........................................... -0.3v to +6v bst to lx ......................................................... -0 .3v to +6v bst to gnd ................................................... -0 .3v to +46v dh to lx.............................................-0.3v to (v bst + 0.3v) dl, comp to gnd ...............................-0.3v to (v in + 0.3v) hsd to gnd..................................................... -0.3v to 42v pgnd to gnd ............................................... -0.3v to +0.3v junction temperature .............................................. +150c storage temperature (t s )..........................-65 c to +150 c lead temperature (soldering, 10sec) ........................ 260c operating ratings (2) input voltage (v in ) .......................................... 3.0v to 5.5v supply voltage (v hsd ) ....................................... 3.0v to 40v operating temperature range ..................-40 c to +125 c junction temperature (t j ) .........................-40 c to +125 c junction thermal resistance msop ( ja ) ..................................................130.5 c/w continuous power dissipation (t a = 70c) .......421mw (derate 5.6mw/c above 70c) electrical characteristics (4) v bst - v lx = 5v; t a = 25c, unless noted. bold values indicate -40c t j +125c. parameter condition min typ max units general operating input voltage (v in ) (5) 3.0 5.5 v hsd voltage range (v hsd ) 3.0 40 v quiescent supply current (v fb = 1.5v, output switching but excluding external mosfet gate current) 1.4 3.0 ma standby supply current v in = v bst = 5.5v, v hsd = 40v, lx = unconnected, en = gnd (6) 0.8 2 ma under-voltage lockout trip level 2.4 2.7 3 v uvlo hysteresis 50 mv dc-dc controller output-voltage adjust range (v out ) (7) 0.8 v error amplifier fb regulation voltage 0c t j 85c -1 1 % fb regulation voltage -40c t j 125c -2 2 % fb input leakage current 5 500 na v fb = 0.8v 103 130 162 mv current-limit threshold v fb = 0v 19 48 77 mv soft-start soft-start period 6 ms notes: 1. exceeding the absolute maximum rating may damage the device. 2. the device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating rating. 3. devices are esd sensitive. handling precautions recommended. human body model, 1.5k in series with 100pf. 4. specification for packaged product only. 5. the application is fully functional at low in (supply of the control section) if the external mosfets have enough low voltag e v th . 6. the current will come only from the internal 100k ? pull-up resistor sitting on the en input and tied to in. 7. the maximum v out value is limited by the fixed t on estimator which obtains v out as a divided by 6 value (1/6).
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 4 m9999-090409-b parameter condition min typ max units oscillator switching frequency measured in test mode 0.225 0.3 0.375 mhz maximum duty cycle measured at dh (8) 87 % minimum duty cycle measured at dh 0 % fet drives dh, dl output low voltage i sink = 10ma 0.1 v dh, dl output high voltage i source = 10ma v in -0.1v or v bst -0.1v v dh on-resistance, high state 2.1 3.3 ? dh on-resistance, low state 1.8 3.3 ? dl on-resistance, high state 1.8 3.3 ? dl on-resistance, low state 1.2 2.3 ? lx leakage current v lx = 40v, v in = 5.5v,v bst = 45.5v 55 a hsd leakage current v lx = 40v, v in = 5.5v,v bst = 45.5v 21 a thermal protection over-temperature shutdown 155 c over-temperature shutdown hysteresis 10 c shutdown control en logic level low 3v < v in <5.5v 0.4 0.8 v en logic level high 3v < v in <5.5v 0.9 1.2 v en pull-up current 50 a note: 8. the maximum duty cycle is limited by the fixed mandatory off time t off of typical 363ns.
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 5 m9999-090409-b typical characteristics 12v to 3.3v efficiency 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 0246810 output current (a) efficiency (%) vin=5v 24v to 1.8v efficiency 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 0246810 output current (a) efficiency (%) vin=5v 24v to 3.3v efficiency 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 0246810 output current (a) efficiency (%) vin=5v feedback voltage vs. load 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0246810 output current (a) feedback voltage (v ) vin=5v feedback voltage vs. input voltage 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 33.544.555.5 input voltage (v) feedback voltage (v ) feedback voltage vs. hsd voltage 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 hsd voltage (v) feedback voltage (v ) vin=5v feedback voltage vs. temperature 0.790 0.792 0.794 0.796 0.798 0.800 0.802 0.804 0.806 0.808 0.810 -40-20 0 20406080100120 temperature (c) feedback voltage (v ) vin=5v switching frequency vs. load 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 0246810 output current (a) switching frequency (khz) vhsd=24v vin=5v vout=3.3v switching frequency v s. input voltage 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 input voltage (v) switching frequency (khz) vhsd= 24v vo ut= 3.3v switching frequency vs. hsd voltage 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 hsd voltage (v) switching frequency (khz) vin=5v vo ut= 1.8v switching frequency vs. temperature 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 temperature (c) switching frequency (khz) vin=5v current limit threshold vs. feedback voltage percentage 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 0 102030405060708090100 feedback voltage percentage (%) current limit threshold (mv)
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 6 m9999-090409-b typical characteristics (continued) current limit threshold vs. temperature 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 temperature (c) current limit threshold (mv) vfb=0.8v vfb=0v quiescent supply current vs. input voltage 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 input voltage (v) quiescent supply current (ma)
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 7 m9999-090409-b functional characteristics switching waveform (no load) il (5a/div) dh (20v/div) lx (20v/div) dl (5v/div) time 2 s/div vhsd=24v vin=5v vout=1.8v l=2.7 h iout=0a iout (5a/div) en (5v/div) vout (1v/div) time 10m s/div power-up/power-down vhsd=24v vin=5v vout=1.8v iout=5a
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 8 m9999-090409-b functional characteristics (continued)
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 9 m9999-090409-b functional diagram figure 1. mic2174 block diagram
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 10 m9999-090409-b functional description the mic2174 is an adaptive on-time synchronous buck controller built for low cost and high performance. it is designed for wide input voltage range from 3v to 40v and for high output power buck converters. an estimated-on-time method is applied in mic2174 to obtain a constant switching frequency and to simplify the control compensation. the over-current protection is implemented without the use of an external sense resistor. it includes an internal soft-start function which reduces the power supply input surge current at start-up by controlling the output voltage rise time. theory of operation the mic2174 is an adaptive on-time buck controller. figure 1 illustrates the block diagram for the control loop. the output voltage variation will be sensed by the mic2174 feedback pin fb via the voltage divider r1 and r2, and compared to a 0.8v reference voltage v ref at the error comparator through a low gain transconductance (gm) amplifier, which improves the mic2174 converter output voltage regulation. if the fb voltage decreases and the output of the gm amplifier is below 0.8v, the error comparator will trigger the control logic and generate an on-time period, in which dh pin is logic high and dl pin is logic low. the on-time period length is predetermined by the ?fixed t on estimation? circuitry: 300khz v v t hsd out ed) on(estimat = (1) where v out is the output voltage, v hsd is the power stage input voltage. after on-time period, the mic2174 goes into the off- time period. in which dh pin is logic low and dl pin is logic high. the off-time period length depends upon the fb voltage in most cases. when the fb voltage decreases and the output of the gm amplifier is below 0.8v, the on-time period is trigger and the off-time period ends. if the off-time period decided by the fb voltage is less than the minimum off time t off(min) , which is about 363ns typical, the mic2174 control logic will apply the t off(min) instead. t off(min) is required by the bst charging. the maximum duty cycle is obtained from the 363ns t off(min) : s s off(min) s t 363ns 1 t t t dmax ? = ? = where ts = 1/300khz = 3.33 s. it is not recommended to use mic2174 with a off time close to t off(min) at the steady state. the power stage input voltage v hsd is fed into the fixed ton estimation block through a 6:1 divider and 5v voltage clamper. therefore, if the v hsd is higher than 30v, the fixed t on estimation block uses 30v to estimate ton instead of the real v hsd . as a result, the switching frequency will be less than 300khz: 300khz v 30v f hsd 30v) sw(vhds = > (2) the estimated-on-time method results in a constant 300khz switching frequency up to 30v v hsd . the actual on time is varied with the different rising and falling time of the external mosfets. therefore, the type of the external mosfets, the output load current, and the control circuitry power supply v in will modify the actual on time and the switching frequency. also, the minimum ton results in a lower switching frequency in the high v hsd and low v out applications, such as 36v to 1.0v application. the minimum ton measured on the mic2174 evaluation board with si7148dp mosfets is about 184ns. during the load transient, the switching frequency is changed due to the varying off time. to illustrate the control loop, the steady-state scenario and the load transient scenario are analyzed. for easy analysis, the gain of the gm amplifier is assumed to be 1. with this assumption, the inverting input of the error comparator is the same as the fb voltage. figure 2 shows the mic2174 control loop timing during the steady-state. during the steady-state, the gm amplifier senses the fb voltage ripple, which is proportional to the output voltage ripple and the inductor current ripple, to trigger the on-time period. the on time is predetermined by the estimation. the ending of off time is controlled by the fb voltage. at the valley of the fb voltage ripple, which is below than v ref , off period ends and the next on-time period is triggered through the control logic circuitry. figure 2. mic2174 control loop timing figure 3 shows the load transient scenario of the mic2174 converter. the output voltage drops due to the sudden load increasing, which would cause the fb voltage to be less than v ref . this will cause the error
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 11 m9999-090409-b comparator to trigger on-time period. at the end of the on-time period, a minimum off time t off(min) is generated to charge bst since the fb voltage is still below the v ref . then, the next on-time period is triggered due to the low fb voltage. therefore, the switching frequency changes during the load transient. with the varying duty cycle and switching frequency, the output recovery time is fast and the output voltage deviation is small in mic2174 converter. figure 3. mic2174 load-transient response unlike the current-mode control, mic2174 uses the output voltage ripple, which is proportional to the inductor current ripple if the esr of the output capacitor is large enough, to trigger an on-time period. the predetermined on time makes mic2174 control loop has the advantage as the adaptive on-time mode control. therefore, the slope compensation, which is necessary for the current-mode control, is not required in the mic2174. the mic2174 has its own stability concern: the fb voltage ripple should be in phase with the inductor current ripple and large enough to be sensed by the gm amplifier and the error comparator. the recommended minimum fb voltage ripple is 20mv. if a low esr output capacitor is selected, the fb voltage ripple may be too small to be sensed by the gm amplifier and the error comparator. also, the output voltage ripple and the fb voltage ripple are not in phase with the inductor current ripple if the esr of the output capacitor is very low. therefore, the ripple injection is required for a low esr output capacitor. please refer to ?ripple injection? subsection in ?application information? for more details about the ripple injection. soft-start soft-start reduces the power supply input surge current at startup by controlling the output voltage rise time. the input surge appears while the output capacitor is charged up. a slower output rise time will draw a lower input surge current. mic2174 implements an internal digital soft-start by making the 0.8v reference voltage v ref ramp from 0 to 100% in about 6ms with a 9.7mv step. therefore, the output voltage is controlled to increase slowly by a stair- case v ref ramp. once the soft-start ends, the related circuitry is disabled to reduce the current consumption. v in should be powered up no earlier than v hsd to make the soft-start function behavior correctly. current limit the mic2174 uses the r ds(on) of the low-side power mosfet to sense over-current conditions. the lower- side mosfet is used because it displays much lower parasitic oscillations during switching then the high-side mosfet. using the low-side mosfet r ds(on) as a current sense is an excellent method for circuit protection. this method will avoid adding cost, board space and power losses taken by discrete current sense resistors. in each switching cycle of the mic2174 converter, the inductor current is sensed by monitoring the low-side mosfet in the off period. the sensed voltage is compared with a current-limit threshold voltage v cl after a blanking time of 150ns. if the sensed voltage is over v cl , which is 130mv typical at 0.8v feedback voltage, the mic2174 turns off the high-side mosfet and a soft- start sequence is trigged. this mode of operation is called the ?hiccup mode? and its purpose is to protect the down stream load in case of a hard short. the current limit threshold v cl has a fold back characteristics related to the fb voltage. please refer to the ?typical characteristics? for the curve of v cl vs. fb voltage. the circuit in figure 4 illustrates the mic2174 current limiting circuit. figure 4. mic2174 current limiting circuit using the typical v cl value of 130mv, the current limit value is roughly estimated as: ds(on) cl r 130mv i for designs where the current ripple is significant compared to the load current i out , or for low duty cycle operation, calculating the current limit i cl should take into account that one is sensing the peak inductor
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 12 m9999-090409-b current and that there is a blanking delay of approximately 150ns. 2 i l t v r 130mv i l(pp) dly out ds(on) cl ? + = (3) l f d) (1 v i sw out l(pp) ? = (4) where: v out = the output voltage t dly = current limit blanking time, 150ns typical i l(pp) = inductor current ripple peak-to-peak value d = duty cycle f sw = switching frequency the mosfet r ds(on) varies 30% to 40% with temperature; therefore, it is recommended to add a 50% margin to i cl in the above equation to avoid false current limiting due to increased mosfet junction temperature rise. it is also recommended to connect lx pin directly to the drain of the low-side mosfet to accurately sense the mosfets r ds(on) . mosfet gate drive the mic2174 high-side drive circuit is designed to switch an n-channel mosfet. the block diagram of figure 1 shows a bootstrap circuit, consisting of d1 (a schottky diode is recommended) and c bst . this circuit supplies energy to the high-side drive circuit. capacitor c bst is charged, while the low-side mosfet is on, and the voltage on the lx pin is approximately 0v. when the high-side mosfet driver is turned on, energy from c bst is used to turn the mosfet on. as the high-side mosfet turns on, the voltage on the lx pin increases to approximately v hsd . diode d1 is reversed biased and c bst floats high while continuing to keep the high-side mosfet on. the bias current of the high-side driver is less than 10ma so a 0.1 f to 1 f is sufficient to hold the gate voltage with minimal droop for the power stroke (high-side switching) cycle, i.e. bst = 10ma x 3.33 s/0.1 f = 333mv. when the low-side mosfet is turned back on, c bst is recharged through d1. a small resistor r g , which is in series with c bst , can slow down the turn-on time of the high-side n-channel mosfet. the drive voltage is derived from the supply voltage vin. the nominal low-side gate drive voltage is v in and the nominal high-side gate drive voltage is approximately v in ? v diode , where v diode is the voltage drop across d1. an approximate 30ns delay between the high-side and low- side driver transitions is used to prevent current from simultaneously flowing unimpeded through both mosfets.
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 13 m9999-090409-b application information mosfet selection the mic2174 controller works from power stage input voltages of 3v to 40v and has an external 3v to 5.5v v in to provide power to turn the external n-channel power mosfets for the high- and low-side switches. for applications where v in < 5v, it is necessary that the power mosfets used are sub-logic level and are in full conduction mode for v gs of 2.5v. for applications when v in > 5v; logic-level mosfets, whose operation is specified at v gs = 4.5v must be used. there are different criteria for choosing the high-side and low-side mosfets. these differences are more significant at lower duty cycles such as a 12v to 1.8v conversion. in such an application, the high-side mosfet is required to switch as quickly as possible to minimize transition losses, whereas the low-side mosfet can switch slower, but must handle larger rms currents. when the duty cycle approaches 50%, the current carrying capability of the high-side mosfet starts to become critical. it is important to note that the on-resistance of a mosfet increases with increasing temperature. a 75c rise in junction temperature will increase the channel resistance of the mosfet by 50% to 75% of the resistance specified at 25c. this change in resistance must be accounted for when calculating mosfet power dissipation and in calculating the value of current limit. total gate charge is the charge required to turn the mosfet on and off under specified operating conditions (v ds and v gs ). the gate charge is supplied by the mic2174 gate-drive circuit. at 300khz switching frequency and above, the gate charge can be a significant source of power dissipation in the mic2174. at low output load, this power dissipation is noticeable as a reduction in efficiency. the average current required to drive the high-side mosfet is: sw g side] - g[high f q (avg) i = (5) where: i g[high-side] (avg) = average high-side mosfet gate current q g = total gate charge for the high-side mosfet taken from the manufacturer?s data sheet for v gs = v in . f sw = switching frequency (300khz) the low-side mosfet is turned on and off at v ds = 0 because an internal body diode or external freewheeling diode is conducting during this time. the switching loss for the low-side mosfet is usually negligible. also, the gate-drive current for the low-side mosfet is more accurately calculated using c iss at v ds = 0 instead of gate charge. for the low-side mosfet: sw gs iss side] - g[low f v c (avg) i = (6) since the current from the gate drive comes from the v in , the power dissipated in the mic2174 due to gate drive is: (avg)) i (avg) (i v p side] - g[low side] - g[high in gatedrive + = (7) a convenient figure of merit for switching mosfets is the on resistance times the total gate charge r ds(on) q g . lower numbers translate into higher efficiency. low gate-charge logic-level mosfets are a good choice for use with the mic2174. also, the r ds(on) of the low-side mosfet will determine the current limit value. please refer to ?current limit? subsection in ?functional description? for more details. parameters that are important to mosfet switch selection are: ? voltage rating ? on-resistance ? total gate charge the voltage ratings for the high-side and low-side mosfets are essentially equal to the power stage input voltage v hsd . a safety factor of 20% should be added to the v ds (max) of the mosfets to account for voltage spikes due to circuit parasitic elements. the power dissipated in the mosfets is the sum of the conduction losses during the on-time (p conduction ) and the switching losses during the period of time when the mosfets turn on and off (p ac ). ac conduction sw p p p + = (8) ds(on) 2 sw(rms) conduction r i p = (9) ac(on) ) ac(off ac p p p + = (10) where: r ds(on) = on-resistance of the mosfet switch d = duty cycle = v out / v hsd making the assumption that the turn-on and turn-off transition times are equal; the transition times can be approximated by: g hsd oss in iss t i v c v c t + = (11) where: c iss and c oss are measured at v ds = 0 i g = gate-drive current the total high-side mosfet switching loss is: sw t pk d hsd ac f t i ) v (v p + = (12)
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 14 m9999-090409-b where: t t = switching transition time v d = body diode drop (0.5v) f sw = switching frequency (300khz) the high-side mosfet switching losses increase with the input voltage v hsd due to the longer turn-on time and turn-off time. the low-side mosfet switching losses are negligible and can be ignored for these calculations. inductor selection values for inductance, peak, and rms currents are required to select the output inductor. the input and output voltages and the inductance value determine the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current. generally, higher inductance values are used with higher input voltages. larger peak-to-peak ripple currents will increase the power dissipation in the inductor and mosfets. larger output ripple currents will also require more output capacitance to smooth out the larger ripple current. smaller peak-to-peak ripple currents require a larger inductance value and therefore a larger and more expensive inductor. a good compromise between size, loss and cost is to set the inductor ripple current to be equal to 20% of the maximum output current. the inductance value is calculated by the equation below. out(max) sw hsd(max) out hsd(max) out i 20% f v ) v (v v l ? = (13) where: f sw = switching frequency, 300 khz 20% = ratio of ac ripple current to dc output current v hsd(max) = maximum power stage input voltage the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple is: l f v ) v (v v i sw hsd(max) out hsd(max) out l(pp) ? = (14) the peak inductor current is equal to the average output current plus one half of the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple. i l(pk) =i out(max) + 0.5 i l(pp) (15) the rms inductor current is used to calculate the i 2 r losses in the inductor. 12 i i i 2 l(pp) 2 out(max) l(rms) + = (16) maximizing efficiency requires the proper selection of core material and minimizing the winding resistance. the high frequency operation of the mic2174 requires the use of ferrite materials for all but the most cost sensitive applications. lower cost iron powder cores may be used but the increase in core loss will reduce the efficiency of the power supply. this is especially noticeable at low output power. the winding resistance decreases efficiency at the higher output current levels. the winding resistance must be minimized although this usually comes at the expense of a larger inductor. the power dissipated in the inductor is equal to the sum of the core and copper losses. at higher output loads, the core losses are usually insignificant and can be ignored. at lower output currents, the core losses can be a significant contributor. core loss information is usually available from the magnetics vendor. copper loss in the inductor is calculated by the equation below: p inductor(cu) = i l(rms) 2 r winding (17) the resistance of the copper wire, r winding , increases with the temperature. the value of the winding resistance used should be at the operating temperature. p winding(ht) = r winding(20c) (1 + 0.0042 (t h ? t 20c )) (18) where: t h = temperature of wire under full load t 20c = ambient temperature r winding(20c) = room temperature winding resistance (usually specified by the manufacturer) output capacitor selection the type of the output capacitor is usually determined by its esr (equivalent series resistance). voltage and rms current capability are two other important factors for selecting the output capacitor. recommended capacitors are tantalum, low-esr aluminum electrolytic, os-con and poscaps. the output capacitor?s esr is usually the main cause of the output ripple. the output capacitor esr also affects the control loop from a stability point of view. the maximum value of esr is calculated: l(pp) out(pp) c i v esr out (19) where: v out(pp) = peak-to-peak output voltage ripple i l(pp) = peak-to-peak inductor current ripple the total output ripple is a combination of the esr and output capacitance. the total ripple is calculated below: () 2 c l(pp) 2 sw out l(pp) out(pp) out esr i 8 f c i v + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = (20)
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 15 m9999-090409-b where: d = duty cycle c out = output capacitance value f sw = switching frequency as described in the ?theory of operation? subsection in ?functional description?, the mic2174 requires at least 20mv peak-to-peak ripple at the fb pin to make the gm amplifier and the error comparator to behavior properly. also, the output voltage ripple should be in phase with the inductor current. therefore the output voltage ripple caused by the output capacitor c out should be much smaller than the ripple caused by the output capacitor esr. if low esr capacitors are selected as the output capacitors, such as ceramic capacitors, a ripple injection method is applied to provide the enough fb voltage ripples. please refer to the ?ripple injection? subsection for more details. the voltage rating of the capacitor should be twice the output voltage for a tantalum and 20% greater for aluminum electrolytic or os-con. the output capacitor rms current is calculated below: 12 i i l(pp) (rms) c out = (21) the power dissipated in the output capacitor is: out out out c 2 (rms) c ) diss(c esr i p = (22) input capacitor selection the input capacitor for the power stage input v hsd should be selected for ripple current rating and voltage rating. tantalum input capacitors may fail when subjected to high inrush currents, caused by turning the input supply on. a tantalum input capacitor?s voltage rating should be at least two times the maximum input voltage to maximize reliability. aluminum electrolytic, os-con, and multilayer polymer film capacitors can handle the higher inrush currents without voltage de- rating. the input voltage ripple will primarily depend on the input capacitor?s esr. the peak input current is equal to the peak inductor current, so: v in = i l(pk) esr cin (23) the input capacitor must be rated for the input current ripple. the rms value of input capacitor current is determined at the maximum output current. assuming the peak-to-peak inductor current ripple is low: d) (1 d i i out(max) cin(rms) ? (24) the power dissipated in the input capacitor is: p diss(cin) = i cin(rms) 2 esr cin (25) voltage setting components the mic2174 requires two resistors to set the output voltage as shown in figure 5. figure 5. voltage-divider configuration the output voltage is determined by the equation: ) r2 r1 (1 v v ref out + = (26) where, v ref = 0.8v. a typical value of r1 can be between 3k ? and 10k ? . if r1 is too large, it may allow noise to be introduced into the voltage feedback loop. if r1 is too small in value, it will decrease the efficiency of the power supply, especially at light loads. once r1 is selected, r2 can be calculated using: ref out ref v v r1 v r2 ? = (27) external schottky diode (optional) an external freewheeling diode, which is not necessary, is used to keep the inductor current flow continuous while both mosfets are turned off. this dead time prevents current from flowing unimpeded through both mosfets and is typically 30ns. the diode conducts twice during each switching cycle. although the average current through this diode is small, the diode must be able to handle the peak current. sw out d(avg) f 30ns 2 i i = (28) the reverse voltage requirement of the diode is: hsd diode(rrm) v v = the power dissipated by the schottky diode is: f d(avg) diode v i p = (29) where, v f = forward voltage at the peak diode current. the external schottky diode is not necessary for the circuit operation since the low-side mosfet contains a parasitic body diode. the external diode will improve efficiency and decrease the high frequency noise. if the mosfet body diode is used, it must be rated to handle the peak and average current. the body diode has a relatively slow reverse recovery time and a relatively high forward voltage drop. the power lost in the diode is
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 16 m9999-090409-b proportional to the forward voltage drop of the diode. as the high-side mosfet starts to turn on, the body diode becomes a short circuit for the reverse recovery period, dissipating additional power. the diode recovery and the circuit inductance will cause ringing during the high-side mosfet turn-on. an external schottky diode conducts at a lower forward voltage preventing the body diode in the mosfet from turning on. the lower forward voltage drop dissipates less power than the body diode. the lack of a reverse recovery mechanism in a schottky diode causes less ringing and less power loss. depending on the circuit components and operating conditions, an external schottky diode will give a 1/2% to 1% improvement in efficiency. ripple injection the minimum fb voltage ripple requested by the mic2174 gm amplifier and error comparator is 20mv. however, the output voltage ripple is generally designed as 1% to 2% of the output voltage. for a low output voltage, such as 1v output, the output voltage ripple is only 10mv to 20mv, and the fb voltage ripple is less than 20mv. if the fb voltage ripple is so small that the gm amplifier and error comparator could not sense it, the mic2174 will lose control and the output voltage is not regulated. in order to have some amount of fb voltage ripple, the ripple injection method is applied for low output voltage ripple applications. the applications are divided into three situations according to the amount of the fb voltage ripple: 1) enough ripple at the fb voltage due to the large esr of the output capacitors. as shown in figure 6a, the converter is stable without any adding in this situation. the fb voltage ripple is: (pp) l c fb(pp) i esr r2 r1 r2 v out + = (30) where i l(pp) is the peak-to-peak value of the inductor current ripple. 2) inadequate ripple at the fb voltage due to the small esr of the output capacitors. the output voltage ripple is fed into the fb pin through a feedforward capacitor cff in this situation, as shown in figure 6b. the typical cff value is between 1nf to 100nf. with the feedforward capacitor, the fb voltage ripple is very close to the output voltage ripple: (pp) l fb(pp) i esr v (31) 3) invisible ripple at the fb voltage due to the very low esr of the output capacitors. figure 6a. enough ripple at fb figure 6b. inadequate ripple at fb figure 6c. invisible ripple at fb in this situation, the output voltage ripple is less than 20mv. therefore, additional ripple is injected into the fb pin from the switching node lx via a resistor rinj and a capacitor cinj, as shown in figure 6c. the injected ripple is: = sw div hsd fb(pp) f 1 d) - (1 d k v v (32) r1//r2 rinj r1//r2 k div + = (33) where v hsd = power stage input voltage at hsd pin d = duty cycle f sw = switching frequency = (r1//r2//rinj) cff in the formula (32) and (33), it is assumed that the time constant associated with cff must be much greater than the switching period:
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 17 m9999-090409-b 1 t f 1 sw << = if the voltage divider resistors r1 and r2 are in the k ? range, a cff of 1nf to 100nf can easily satisfy the large time constant consumption. also, a 100nf injection capacitor cinj is used in order to be considered as short for a wide range of the frequencies. the process of sizing the ripple injection resistor and capacitors is: step 1. select cff to feed all output ripples into the feedback pin and make sure the large time constant assumption is satisfied. typical choice of cff is 1nf to 100nf if r1 and r2 are in k ? range. step 2. select rinj according to the expected feedback voltage ripple. according to the equation (33), d) (1 d f v v k sw hsd fb(pp) div ? = (34) then the value of rinj is obtained as: 1) k 1 ( (r1//r2) r div inj ? = (35) step 3. select cinj as 100nf, which could be considered as short for a wide range of the frequencies.
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 18 m9999-090409-b pcb layout guideline warning!!! to minimize emi and output noise, follow these layout recommendations. pcb layout is critical to achieve reliable, stable and efficient performance. a ground plane is required to control emi and minimize the inductance in power, signal and return paths. the following guidelines should be followed to insure proper operation of the mic2174 converter. ic ? place the ic and mosfets close to the point of load (pol). ? use fat traces to route the input and output power lines. ? signal and power grounds should be kept separate and connected at only one location. input capacitor ? place the hsd input capacitor next. ? place the hsd input capacitors on the same side of the board and as close to the mosfets as possible. ? keep both the hsd and pgnd connections short. ? place several vias to the ground plane close to the hsd input capacitor ground terminal. ? use either x7r or x5r dielectric input capacitors. do not use y5v or z5u type capacitors. ? do not replace the ceramic input capacitor with any other type of capacitor. any type of capacitor can be placed in parallel with the input capacitor. ? if a tantalum input capacitor is placed in parallel with the input capacitor, it must be recommended for switching regulator applications and the operating voltage must be derated by 50%. ? in ?hot-plug? applications, a tantalum or electrolytic bypass capacitor must be used to limit the over- voltage spike seen on the input supply with power is suddenly applied. ? an additional tantalum or electrolytic bypass input capacitor of 22f or higher is required at the input power connection. ? the 1f and 0.1f capacitors, which connect to the v in terminal, must be located right at the ic. the v in terminal is very noise sensitive and placement of the capacitor is very critical. connections must be made with wide trace. inductor ? keep the inductor connection to the switch node (lx) short. ? do not route any digital lines underneath or close to the inductor. ? keep the switch node (lx) away from the feedback (fb) pin. ? the lx pin should be connected directly to the drain of the low-side mosfet to accurate sense the voltage across the low-side mosfet. ? to minimize noise, place a ground plane underneath the inductor. output capacitor ? use a wide trace to connect the output capacitor ground terminal to the input capacitor ground terminal. ? phase margin will change as the output capacitor value and esr changes. contact the factory if the output capacitor is different from what is shown in the bom. ? the feedback trace should be separate from the power trace and connected as close as possible to the output capacitor. sensing a long high current load trace can degrade the dc load regulation. schottky diode (optional) ? place the schottky diode on the same side of the board as the mosfets and hsd input capacitor. ? the connection from the schottky diode?s anode to the input capacitors ground terminal must be as short as possible. ? the diode?s cathode connection to the switch node (lx) must be keep as short as possible. rc snubber ? place the rc snubber on the same side of the board and as close to the mosfets as possible.
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 19 m9999-090409-b evaluation board schematics figure 7. schematic of mic2174 evaluation board
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 20 m9999-090409-b bill of materials item part number manufacturer description qty c1, c8, c17, c19 06035d104mat avx (1) 0.1f ceramic capacitor, x5r, size 0603, 50v 4 0805zd225mat avx grm216r61a225me24d murata (2) c2 c2012x5r1a225k/0.85 tdk (3) 2.2f ceramic capacitor, x5r, size 0805, 10v 1 c3 222215095001 vishay (4) 220f aluminum capacitor, smd, 35v 1 12105c475kat2a avx c4, c5 grm32er71h475ka88l murata 4.7f ceramic capacitor, x7r, size 1210, 50v 2 0805zd105mat avx c9 grm219r61a105ma01d murata 1f ceramic capacitor, x5r, size 0805, 10v 1 06035c103kat2a avx c10 grm188r71h103ka01d murata 10nf ceramic capacitor, x7r, size 0603, 50v 1 c11 6sepc560mx sanyo (5) 560f oscon capacitor, 6.3v 1 12106d107mat avx grm32er60j107me20l murata c12, c13 c3225x5r0j107m tdk 100f ceramic capacitor, x5r, size 1210, 6.3v 2 c15 06035d102mat avx 1nf ceramic capacitor, x5r, 0603, 50v 1 d1 sd103aws vishay small signal schottky diode 1 l1 cdep134-2r7mc-h sumida (6) 2.7h inductor, 14.7a saturation current 1 q1, q2, q3 si7148dp vishay 75v n-channel trenchfet power mosfet, 14.5m ? rds(on) @ 4.5v 3 cmpdm7002a central semiconductor (7) q5 2n7002e-t1-e3 vishay signal mosfet, 60v 1 r1 crcw06032r21fkey3 vishay-dale (4) 2.21 ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r2, r7 crcw06030000fkey3 vishay-dale 0 ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 2 r3 crcw06034992fkey3 vishay-dale 49.9k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r5 crcw06031r21fkey3 vishay-dale 1.21 ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r6 crcw06031002fkey3 vishay-dale 10k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r9 crcw06031962fkey3 vishay-dale 19.6k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r12 crcw06034751fkey3 vishay-dale 4.75k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r13 crcw06038061fkey3 vishay-dale 8.06k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r14 crcw06034022fkey3 vishay-dale 40.2k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 r15 crcw06033241fkey3 vishay-dale 3.24k ? resistor, size 0603, 1% 1 u1 MIC2174-1YMM micrel, inc. (8) 300khz buck controller 1 u2 mic5233-5.0ym5 micrel, inc. ldo 1
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 21 m9999-090409-b notes: 1. avx: www.avx.com 2. murata: www.murata.com 3. tdk: www.tdk.com 4. vishay: www.vishay.com 5. sanyo: www.sanyo.com 6. sumida: www.sumida.com 7. central semiconductor: www.centralsemi.com 8. micrel, inc: www.micrel.com
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 22 m9999-090409-b pcb layout figure 8. mic2174 evaluation board top layer figure 9. mic2174 evaluation board bottom layer
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 23 m9999-090409-b figure 10. mic2174 evaluation board mid-layer 1 figure 11. mic2174 evaluation board mid-layer 2
micrel, inc. mic2174 september 2009 24 m9999-090409-b package information 10-pin msop (mm) micrel, inc. 2180 fortune drive san jose, ca 95131 us a tel +1 (408) 944-0800 fax +1 (408) 474-1000 web http://www.micrel.com the information furnished by micrel in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is a ssumed by micrel for its use. micrel reserves the right to change circuitry and specifications at any time without notification to the customer. micrel products are not designed or authorized for use as components in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfu nction of a product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. life support devices or systems are devices or systems that (a) are in tended for surgical implan t into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to result in a significan t injury to the user. a purchaser?s use or sale of micrel products for use in life support appliances, devices or systems is a purchaser?s own risk and purchaser agrees to fully indemnify micrel for any damages resulting from such use or sale. ? 2009 micrel, incorporated.

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